Influence of simultaneous comorbidities on COVID-associated acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality in people with diabetes.

Objectives: This study analyzed the influence of 23 comorbidities on COVID-associated acute distress respiratory syndrome (CARDS) mortality in people with a history of diabetes mellitus. Methods: An observational, analytical, cross sectional study was utilized to investigate data from 6723 health services in Brazil, comprising 5433 people with diabetes. Adjusted logistic regression models for demographic factors such as age, sex, and race were used to analyze the association between CARDS mortality and comorbidities. Results: Persons with two (p < 0.001), three (p < 0.001), four (p < 0.001), and five (p < 0.001) simultaneous comorbidities had a higher chance of dying. We identified that diabetes patients who had concomitant metabolic diseases (p = 0.019), neurological disorders (p < 0.001), or were smokers (p < 0.001) had a higher predicted mortality risk based on CADRS. Conclusion: The number of comorbidities plays a determining role in CARDS mortality in people with diabetes, especially those who suffer from smoking and neurological diseases simultaneously.

Social determinants and access to health services in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study.

OBJECTIVE: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. METHOD: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. CONCLUSION: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil.

Analysis of Readiness for enhanced health literacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

PURPOSE: To estimate the prevalence of Readiness for enhanced health literacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus through the diagnostic accuracy of the defining characteristics. METHODS: A diagnostic accuracy study on the diagnosis of Readiness for enhanced health literacy in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus was conducted using the latent class analysis model. The sample comprised 180 individuals attending a referral outpatient clinic in Maranhão, Brazil. The data analysis was conducted in the R Core Team software. FINDINGS: The prevalence of the nursing diagnosis was 55.23%. The main defining characteristics were expresses desire to enhance health communication with healthcare providers and expresses desire to enhance the understanding of health information to make healthcare choices. All defining characteristics showed significant specificity values. CONCLUSIONS: Accurate diagnoses contribute to individualized care plans for patients. IMPLICATIONS FOR NURSING PRACTICE: The diagnosis Readiness for enhanced health literacy should be considered in implementing care plans, including interventions to reduce complications in the health status of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the accuracy of the defining characteristics of the nursing diagnosis ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot. METHOD: A diagnostic accuracy study with a cross-sectional design was carried out with patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus on outpatient diabetic foot treatment. We evaluated 134 patients with diabetic foot to determine the accuracy of the defining characteristics of ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion. A latent class model with random effects was used to establish the sensitivity and specificity of the defining characteristics assessed. RESULTS: Ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion was present in 83.79% of the patients. The defining characteristics color does not return to lowered limb after 1-minute leg elevation and edema had high sensitivity (0.8370 and 0.7213) and specificity (0.9991 and 0.9995). CONCLUSION: The defining characteristics color does not return to lowered limb after 1-minute leg elevation and edema are good clinical indicators that can be used for screening and confirming ineffective peripheral tissue perfusion in patients with diabetic foot.

Social determinants and access to health services in patients with COVID-19: a cross-sectional study / Determinantes sociales y acceso a los servicios sanitarios en pacientes con COVID-19: un estudio transversal / Determinantes sociais e acesso aos serviços de saúde em pacientes com COVID-19: estudo seccional

ABSTRACT Objective: To verify the association between social determinants of health and access to health services for COVID-19 patients. Method: Analytical, cross-sectional study, carried out in three states in the Northeast of Brazil (Ceará, Maranhão and Pernambuco), with 968 patients, using questionnaires with sociodemographic data, determinants and the Primary Care Assessment Tool, adapted to the reality of COVID-19, with 58 items, classified as high (score ≥ 6.6) and low (score < 6.6), whose high value reveals better standards of access to health services. The Chi-square test was used for comparative analysis. Results: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between the domains of the instrument and the following determinants: age, skin color, body mass index, origin, schooling, employment, services close to home, first service, income and means of transport. Conclusion: Access to health services for people with COVID-19 was associated with various determinants, including individual, behavioural and social ones, correlated with the structural and organizational aspects of the health services offered by the three states of Northeastern Brazil.

RESUMEN Objetivo: Verificar la asociación de los determinantes sociales de la salud con el acceso de los pacientes con COVID-19 a los servicios de salud. Método: Estudio analítico, transversal, realizado en tres estados del Nordeste de Brasil (Ceará, Maranhão y Pernambuco), con 968 pacientes, utilizando cuestionarios con datos sociodemográficos, determinantes y la Herramienta de Evaluación de la Atención Primaria (PCATool), adaptada a la realidad de la COVID-19, con 58 ítems, clasificados en alto (puntuación ≥ 6,6) y bajo (puntuación < 6,6), cuyo valor alto revela mejores estándares de acceso a los servicios de salud. Se utilizó la prueba de chi-cuadrado para analizar las comparaciones. Resultados: Hubo diferencia significativa (p < 0,05) entre los dominios del instrumento y los siguientes determinantes: edad, color de piel, índice de masa corporal, origen, escolaridad, empleo, servicios cercanos al domicilio, primer servicio, ingreso y medio de transporte. Conclusión: El acceso a los servicios de salud de las personas con COVID-19 se asoció a diversos determinantes, entre ellos individuales, comportamentales y sociales, correlacionados con los aspectos estructurales y organizativos de los servicios de salud ofrecidos por los tres estados del nordeste de Brasil.

RESUMO Objetivo: Verificar a associação dos determinantes sociais da saúde com o acesso de pacientes com COVID-19 aos serviços de saúde. Método: Estudo analítico, transversal, desenvolvido em três estados do Nordeste brasileiro (Ceará, Maranhão e Pernambuco), com 968 pacientes, utilizando-se de questionários de dados sociodemográficos, determinantes e do Primary Care Assessment Tool, adaptado para realidade da COVID-19, com 58 itens, classificado em alto (escore ≥ 6,6) e baixo (escore < 6,6), cujo valor alto revela melhores padrões de acesso aos serviços de saúde. Para análise comparativa, empregou-se o teste do Qui-quadrado. Resultados: Verificou-se diferença significativa (p < 0,05) entre os domínios do instrumento e os seguintes determinantes: idade, cor da pele, índice de massa corporal, procedência, escolaridade, vínculo empregatício, serviços próximos à residência, primeiro serviço de atendimento, renda e meios de transporte. Conclusão: O acesso aos serviços de saúde de pessoas com COVID-19 esteve associado aos diversos determinantes, sendo estes individuais, comportamentais, sociais, correlacionados aos aspectos estruturais e organizacionais dos serviços de saúde ofertados pelos três estados do Nordeste brasileiro.

Tecnologias educacionais direcionadas ao aleitamento materno produzidas na pós-graduação em enfermagem brasileira / Educational technologies directed to breastfeeding produced in brazilian nursing graduate / Tecnologías educativas orientadas a la lactancia materna producidas en programas de posgrado en enfermería brasileños

Objetivo: Conhecer as tecnologias educacionais voltadas à prática do aleitamento materno desenvolvidas por enfermeiros. Método: Revisão Integrativa realizada nas bases de dados da Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior e Biblioteca Digital Brasileira de Teses e Dissertações, em dezembro de 2021. Inicialmente foram identificados 313 trabalhos, após aplicados critérios de inclusão e exclusão foram selecionados 13 estudos para a amostra. Resultados: Verificou-se as seguintes tecnologias: álbum seriado, iconografia 3D, rádio, telefone, literatura de cordel, websites e simuladores realísticos de baixa fidelidade. Os estudos visaram desenvolver, avaliar ou validar tecnologias educacionais voltadas para o aleitamento materno no que diz respeito aos benefícios quando se trata do manejo correto. Conclusão: As tecnologias educacionais têm sido alvo no desenvolvimento de pesquisas em Enfermagem, contribuindo para a promoção do aleitamento materno, beneficiando mães e bebês e dinamizando o processo de cuidar.

Objective: To learn about educational technologies related to breastfeeding practice. Methods: Integrative Review conducted in the Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel (CAPES) and Brazilian Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations (BDTD) databases, from December 2019 to December 2021. Initially, 313 studies were identified, and after applying the inclusion and exclusion criteria, 13 studies were selected for the sample. Results: The following technologies were verified: serialized album, 3D iconography, radio, telephone, string literature, websites, and low fidelity realistic simulators. The studies aimed to develop, evaluate, or validate educational technologies focused on breastfeeding with regard to the benefits when it comes to the correct management. Conclusion: Educational technologies have been a target in the development of nursing research, contributing to the promotion of breastfeeding, benefiting mothers and babies and streamlining the care process.

Objetivo: Conocer las tecnologías educativas orientadas a la práctica de la lactancia materna. Métodos: revisión integradora realizada en las bases de datos Coordinación para el Perfeccionamiento del Personal de Educación Superior (CAPES) y la Biblioteca Digital Brasileña de Tesis y Disertaciones (BDTD), desde diciembre de 2019 hasta diciembre de 2021. Inicialmente se identificaron 313 estudios, luego de aplicar los criterios de inclusión y exclusión, se seleccionaron 13 estudios para la muestra. Resultados: se verificaron las siguientes tecnologías: álbum en serie, iconografía 3D, radio, teléfono, literatura de cuerdas, sitios web y simuladores realistas de baja fidelidad. Los estudios tuvieron como objetivo desarrollar, evaluar o validar tecnologías educativas orientadas a la lactancia materna en cuanto a beneficios en cuanto a un correcto manejo se refiere. Conclusión: Las tecnologías educativas han sido un objetivo en el desarrollo de la investigación en enfermería, contribuyendo a la promoción de la lactancia materna, beneficiando a madres y bebés y agilizando el proceso de atención.

COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem no Maranhão (2020-2021): características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos e fatores associados aos óbitos / COVID-19 in nursing professionals in Maranhão (2020-2021): clinical-epidemiological characteristics of cases and factors associated with deaths / COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería en Maranhão (2020-2021): características clínico-epidemiológicas de casos y factores asociados a muerte

Objetivo: descrever características clínico-epidemiológicas dos casos de COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem e analisar fatores associados aos óbitos. Método: estudo transversal realizado com casos e óbitos por COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem registrados no período entre abril de 2020 e março de 2021 no estado do Maranhão. Utilizou-se a estatística descritiva e modelos de regressão logística. Resultados: verificaram-se 2.116 casos de COVID-19 em profissionais de enfermagem, a maioria eram técnicos (63,23%), sexo feminino (86,48%), raça/cor preta/parda (48,20%), na faixa etária de 31 a 40 anos (40,69%) e média de idade de 38,11 anos (DP=9,58). A hipertensão arterial sistêmica foi a principal comorbidade apresentada (62,03%). Os fatores de risco para o óbito foram: idade >60 anos, comorbidades como hipertensão arterial sistêmica, diabetes mellitus e obesidade. Conclusão: esses dados podem direcionar intervenções em saúde mais efetivas com intuito de minimizar os riscos de infecção e os danos à saúde desses trabalhadores.

Objective: to identify clinical-epidemiological characteristics of two cases of COVID-19 in nursing professionals and to analyze factors associated with deaths. Method: a cross-sectional study was carried with cases and deaths from COVID-19 in nursing professionals registered between April 2020 and March 2021 in Maranhão. Descriptive statistics and logistic regression models were used. Results: we verified 2,116 cases of COVID-19 in nursing professionals, mostly among technicians (63.23%), females (86.48%), of black/white/brown ethnicity (48.20%), aged from 31 to 40 years (40.69%), and with a mean age of 38.11 years (SD=9.58). Systemic arterial hypertension was the main comorbidity (62.03%). The risk factors for death are age >60 years and comorbidities such as systemic arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and obesity. Conclusion: our findings can support more effective health interventions to minimize the risk of infection and damage to the health of these workers.

Objetivo: identificar las características clínico-epidemiológicas de casos de COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería y analizar los factores asociados a muertes. Método: se realizó un estudio transversal con casos y muertes por COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería registrados entre abril de 2020 y marzo de 2021 en Maranhão. Se utilizaron estadísticas descriptivas y modelos de regresión logística. Resultados: verificamos 2.116 casos de COVID-19 en profesionales de enfermería, en su mayoría técnicos (63,23%), del sexo femenino (86,48%), de etnia negra/blanca/morena (48,20%), con edad de 31 a 40 años (40,69%) y edad media de 38,11 años (DE=9,58). La hipertensión arterial sistémica fue la principal comorbilidad presentada (62,03%). Los factores de riesgo de muerte fueron: edad > 60 años y comorbilidades como hipertensión arterial sistémica, diabetes mellitus y obesidad. Conclusión: esos hallazgos pueden respaldar intervenciones de salud más efectivas para minimizar el riesgo de infección y daño a la salud de estos trabajadores.

Urinary incontinence in women: assessment with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC.

OBJECTIVES: to assess urinary impairment in incontinent women with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 97 women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Data collection took place using a form that contained information about NANDA-I diagnoses related to urinary incontinence and NOC Urinary Continence indicators. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impairment of NOC indicators in the presence of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses. RESULTS: diagnosis Mixed Urinary Incontinence was the most prevalent (43.3%), and, in its presence, the most compromised indicators were voids in appropriate receptacle, gets to toilet between urge and passage of urine and empties bladder completely. CONCLUSIONS: urinary impairment was worse in women with elements of stress and urge urinary incontinence.

Factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in a region of northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: There is a need to improve knowledge and understanding of the factors associated with mortality from COVID-19 so that managers and decision-makers can implement strategies to mitigate and control the severe forms of the disease. This study aimed to determine the factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 in the state of Maranhão, in northeastern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional and analytical study with patients with a confirmed diagnosis of COVID-19 who died from March 2020 to January 2022. Simple and multiple logistic regression models were used to assess the association between clinical-epidemiological characteristics and death. The odds ratios were expressed using a 95% confidence interval and a 5% significance level. RESULTS: A total of 386,567 cases of COVID-19 were registered in the period, of which 10,986 died. Risk factors associated with deaths from COVID-19 were male sex, age over 30 years, positive reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) result, positive CT scan, and having one or more associated comorbidities. The three comorbidities linked to the highest propensity to die were diabetes mellitus, neurological disease, and obesity. CONCLUSIONS: The study findings support the implementation of strategic actions by health care and surveillance professionals and managers towards reducing the incidence of the risk factors for mortality by COVID-19 in Maranhão.

Clinical-epidemiological characteristics and temporal trend of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy in the state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2011- 2020.

MAIN RESULTS: Out of 2,147 grade 2 disability leprosy cases, the majority were male, of mixed race/skin color, multibacillary and borderline. The São Luís regional health unit showed a falling trend. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: The results can guide strategies for the leprosy control program in the state, aiming at new approaches towards early diagnosis, treatment and prevention of disabilities. PERSPECTIVES: Further studies are needed, such as spatial distribution of cases and detection rates of leprosy in children under 15 years of age, in order to gain a better understanding of the epidemiological profile of leprosy in Maranhão. OBJECTIVE: to describe the clinical and epidemiological characteristics of new cases of grade 2 disability leprosy and to analyze its trend in the state of Maranhão, from 2011 to 2020. METHODS: this was a descriptive cross-sectional and ecological time-series study, using data from the Notifiable Health Conditions Information System. A descriptive analysis of the event was carried out according to the sociodemographic and clinical-laboratory characteristics of the cases. The temporal trend of event incidence was analyzed using Prais-Winsten regression. RESULTS: of the 2,147 cases, 71.5% were male, 48.9% had up to 8 years of schooling, 66.5% were of mixed race/color, 95.5% had the multibacillary form, 58.8% were borderline, 32.3% had negative bacilloscopy at diagnosis. There was a stationary trend in the state and a falling trend in the São Luís Health Region (annual percentage change = -64.4%; 95% confidence interval: -73.7;-51.9). CONCLUSION: incidence trend was stable in the state of Maranhão and falling in São Luís.

Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study.

MAIN RESULTS: A total of 4,029 leprosy cases were notified. Mean prevalence varied between 2.0 and 11.5 cases/10,000 inhab. Spatial distribution of the cases was heterogeneous and there was a falling prevalence trend over the years studied. IMPLICATIONS FOR SERVICES: These findings point to the need to strengthen active tracing strategies and expand health actions and services targeting leprosy, with the aim of increasing detection and early treatment of cases. PERSPECTIVES: It is important to carry out epidemiological investigations on the spatial distribution and prevalence of leprosy in other health regions in the state, in order to identify other areas with greater vulnerability to leprosy. OBJECTIVE: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. METHODS: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. RESULT: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. CONCLUSION: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Primary Health Care assessment in the COVID-19 pandemic from physicians' and nurses' perspective.

OBJECTIVES: to assess the operationalization of Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic, according to Primary Care Assessment Tool: PCATool-Brasil attributes, from physicians' and nurses' perspective. METHODS: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 99 physicians and nurses from Basic Health Units in a state in northeastern Brazil, with the aid of the adapted instrument PCATool-Brasil. RESULTS: Essential Score was classified as high performance (6.6) and General Score as low performance (6.5). First Contact Access, Care Integration, and Community Guidance scores were <6.6. The best performances were attributed to the Longitudinality, Comprehensiveness and Family Guidance services (scores>6.6). CONCLUSIONS: the attributes of Primary Health Care, in general, showed values above or close to the cut-off point in the assessment. These data can support strategies for local and national managers to strengthen Primary Health Care in the COVID-19 pandemic and future public health emergencies.

Individual and mutual effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on acute respiratory distress syndrome mortality rates in clinical patients: a multicentre study.

Patients with comorbidities are more vulnerable to severe clinical cases of acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) and COVID-19 require complex health care. To analyse the association between the individual and combined effects of diabetes, hypertension, and obesity on ARDS mortality rates among patients receiving clinical care. A multicentre study encompassing retrospective data analysis and conducted with 21,121 patients from 6,723 health services across Brazil, during the 2020-2022 time period. The sample group consisted of clinical patients of both sexes and different age groups who received clinical care and showed at least one comorbidity. The data collected were analysed using binary logistic regressions and the Chi-square test. The overall mortality rate was 38.7%, with a higher predominance among males (p < 0.001), mixed-race individuals (p < 0.001), and older adults (p < 0.001). The main comorbidity variables associated with and leading to death from ARDS were arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus (p < 0.001), diabetes mellitus and arterial hypertension (p < 0.001), cardiovascular diseases (p < 0.001) and obesity (p < 0.001). Both the patients who progressed to recovery (48.4%) and to death (20.5%) presented only one comorbidity (χ2 (1,749) = 8, p < 0.001), respectively. The isolated comorbidities with the greatest impact on death outcomes were diabetes (95% CI 2.48-3.05, p < 0.001), followed by obesity (95% CI 1.85-2.41, p < 0.001) and hypertension (95% CI 1.05-1.22, p < 0.001), even after adjusting for sex and number of simultaneous comorbidities. Diabetes and obesity, as isolated conditions, had a greater influence on the number of deaths of clinical patients with ARDS compared to those with mutual diagnosis of diabetes, hypertension and obesity.

Factors associated with multibacillary leprosy in a region of northeastern Brazil.

INTRODUCTION: The analysis of factors associated with multibacillary leprosy is important for the development of strategies to mitigate the disease, which persists as a public health problem in Brazil and the world. The objective of this study was to verify the associations between sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables and multibacillary leprosy in the state of northeastern Brazil. METHODOLOGY: This is a cross-sectional, analytical, and retrospective study, with a quantitative approach, carried out in 16 municipalities in the southwest of Maranhão State, northeastern Brazil. All cases of leprosy reported between January 2008 and December 2017 were considered. Sociodemographic and clinical-epidemiological variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. The identification of the risk factors associated with multibacillary leprosy was conducted using Poisson regression models. The prevalence ratios and respective 95% confidence intervals were estimated using regression coefficients at a 5% significance level. RESULTS: A total of 3,903 leprosy cases were analyzed. Individuals older than 15 years, males, with less than 8 years of education, with level I, II, or "not evaluated" disability, and with type 1 or 2 or both reactional states were more likely to have multibacillary leprosy. Therefore, these characteristics may be considered risk factors. No protective factors were identified. CONCLUSIONS: The investigation revealed important associations between risk factors and multibacillary leprosy. The findings can be considered during the creation of strategies to control and combat the disease.

Conhecimentos da equipe de enfermagem sobre instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica / Nursing team knowledge about pediatric pain assessment instruments

Introdução: a dor de moderada à grave, em crianças hospitalizadas é comum, mas muitas vezes é mal avaliada e gerenciada. Objetivo: analisar os conhecimentos da equipe de enfermagem sobre instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica. Métodos: estudo descritivo-exploratório, qualitativo, envolvendo enfermeiros e técnicos de enfermagem dos setores de urgência e emergência, clínica médica e Unidade de Terapia Intensiva de um hospital pediátrico de referência, no sudoeste maranhense. Dados coletados entre novembro de 2019 e março de 2020 por meio de entrevista individual e a saturação aconteceu com o 20º participante. Procedeu-se a análise de conteúdo temático. Resultados: a maioria dos participantes eram do sexo feminino, tinham entre 23 e 58 anos, pardos, e trabalhavam na clínica pediátrica de cinco meses a 20 anos. A equipe de enfermagem considera de grande importância a avaliação adequada da dor infantil. Da análise dos dados emergiram as categorias: Entendimento dos profissionais sobre importância da avaliação da dor infantil; desconhecimento dos profissionais sobre instrumentos de avaliação e a falta de aplicação do mesmo no ambiente hospitalar; estratégias utilizadas no alívio da dor; perspectivas dos profissionais de enfermagem no enfrentamento da dor pediátrica. Conclusão: a equipe de enfermagem deve conhecer e aplicar os instrumentos de avaliação da dor pediátrica, bem como incentivar as práticas não farmacológicas no ambiente hospitalar em consonância com as estratégias farmacológicas de alívio à dor.

Introducción: El dolor moderado a intenso en personas menores hospitalizadas es común, pero a menudo se evalúa y maneja de manera deficiente. Objetivo: Analizar el conocimiento del equipo de enfermería sobre los instrumentos de evaluación del dolor pediátrico. Métodos: Un estudio descriptivo-exploratorio, cualitativo, con personas enfermeras y técnicas de enfermería de los sectores de urgencia y emergencia, clínica médica y Unidad de Cuidados Intensivos de un hospital pediátrico de referencia en el suroeste de Maranhão, Brasil. Los datos fueron recopilados entre noviembre de 2019 y marzo de 2020, a través de entrevistas individuales. La saturación ocurrió con la persona participante número 20. Se realizó un análisis de contenido temático. Resultados: la mayoría de las personas participantes eran mujeres, entre 23 y 58 años, morenas y trabajaron en la clínica pediátrica de 5 meses a 20 años. El equipo de enfermería considera que la evaluación adecuada del dolor infantil es de gran importancia. Del análisis de los datos, surgieron las siguientes categorías: comprensión de las personas profesionales sobre la importancia de evaluar el dolor infantil, falta de conocimiento de los profesionales sobre los instrumentos de evaluación y su falta de aplicación en el ámbito hospitalario; estrategias utilizadas para aliviar el dolor y las perspectivas de las personas profesionales de enfermería para hacer frente al dolor pediátrico. Conclusión: el equipo de enfermería debe conocer y aplicar instrumentos de evaluación del dolor pediátrico, así como fomentar prácticas no farmacológicas en el ambiente hospitalario, de acuerdo con las estrategias farmacológicas para el alivio del dolor.

Introduction: Moderate or severe pain in hospitalized children is common but is often poorly evaluated and managed. Objective: To analyze the knowledge of the nursing team on pediatric pain assessment instruments. Methods: A descriptive-exploratory, qualitative study involving nurses and nursing technicians from the urgency and emergency sectors, medical clinic, and Intensive Care Unit of a pediatric reference hospital in southwestern Maranhão. Data were collected, between November 2019 and March 2020, through individual interviews, saturation occurred with the 20th participant. A thematic content analysis was carried out. Results: most of the participants were female, between the ages of 23 and 58 years old, brunettes, and had worked between 5 months to 20 years at the pediatric clinic. The nursing team considers the adequate assessment of childhood pain to be of great importance. From the data analysis emerged the following categories: Understanding of professionals on the importance of assessing childhood pain; Lack of knowledge of professionals about assessment instruments and their lack of application in the hospital environment; Strategies used to relieve pain; The perspectives of nursing professionals in coping with pediatric pain. Conclusion: The nursing team should know and use pediatric pain assessment instruments as well as encourage non-pharmacological practices in line with pharmacological strategies for pain relief in hospital environments.

Spatiotemporal risk assessment and COVID-19 trend estimation in a federative unit in northeastern Brazil.

BACKGROUND: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread worldwide, causing a high burden of morbidity and mortality, and has affected the various health service systems in the world, demanding disease monitoring and control strategies. The objective of this study was to identify risk areas using spatiotemporal models and determine the COVID-19 time trend in a federative unit of northeastern Brazil. METHODS: An ecological study using spatial analysis techniques and time series was carried out in the state of Maranhão, Brazil. All new cases of COVID-19 registered in the state from March 2020 to August 2021 were included. Incidence rates were calculated and spatially distributed by area, while the spatiotemporal risk territories were identified using scan statistics. The COVID-19 time trend was determined using Prais-Winsten regressions. RESULTS: Four spatiotemporal clusters with high relative risks for the disease were identified in seven health regions located in the southwest/northwest, north and east of Maranhão. The COVID-19 time trend was stable during the analysed period, with higher rates in the regions of Santa Inês in the first and second waves and Balsas in the second wave. CONCLUSIONS: The heterogeneously distributed spatiotemporal risk areas and the stable COVID-19 time trend can assist in the management of health systems and services, facilitating the planning and implementation of actions toward the mitigation, surveillance and control of the disease.

Assistência de enfermagem no pré-natal da gestante adolescente: uma revisão integrativa / Prenatal nursing care for adolescent pregnant women: an integrative review / Atención de enfermería prenatal a adolescentes embarazadas: una revisión integradora

A gravidez na adolescência é um problema de saúde pública devido aos riscos relacionados à sua ocorrência. Logo, a assistência de enfermagem torna-se essencial para o início precoce e acompanhamento do pré-natal, com intuito de alcançar resultados favoráveis no ciclo gravídico-puerperal. O objetivo deste trabalho foi analisar, na literatura, a assistência de enfermagem no pré-natal e a percepção da gestante adolescente sobre a assistência recebida. Trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura, cujas buscas foram realizadas em junho de 2022, nas bases de dados SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed) e BDENF. Foram selecionados 12 artigos para compor a amostra deste estudo. Observou-se que as adolescentes apontaram situações positivas durante a assistência pré-natal, como: relacionamento e tratamento respeitoso, participação em grupos de gestantes adolescentes, abordagens diferenciadas para orientações de educação em saúde, promoção do autocuidado, conscientização sobre importância do pré-natal e inserção familiar. Entretanto também relataram situações negativas, como: deficiências nas orientações, falta de habilidades dos profissionais em se relacionar com adolescentes, preconceito, atitudes de desencorajamento, comprometimento da privacidade e confidencialidade, assim como interrupção na continuidade do cuidado. Os achados desta revisão demonstraram que a assistência de enfermagem em sua maioria é respeitosa e acolhedora, entretanto a percepção das adolescentes grávidas variou entre experiências negativas e positivas, influenciando no seguimento do pré-natal, por isso é necessário aprimoramento dos enfermeiros para atendimento da gestante adolescente.

Teenage pregnancy is a public health problem due to the risks related to its occurrence. Therefore, nursing care becomes essential for the early initiation and monitoring of prenatal care, with the aim of achieving favorable results in the pregnancy- puerperal cycle. The objective of this study was to analyze, in the literature, nursing care in prenatal care and the perception of pregnant teenagers about the care received. This is an integrative literature review, whose searches were carried out in June 2022, in the SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed) and BDENF databases. Twelve articles were selected to compose the sample of this study. It was observed that the adolescents pointed out positive situations during prenatal care, such as: respectful relationship and treatment, participation in groups of pregnant teenagers, different approaches to health education guidelines, promotion of self-care, awareness of the importance of prenatal care and family insertion. However, they also reported negative situations, such as: deficiencies in the guidelines, lack of skills of professionals in relating to adolescents, prejudice, attitudes of discouragement, compromise of privacy and confidentiality, as well as interruption in the continuity of care. The findings of this review demonstrated that nursing care is mostly respectful and welcoming, however, the perception of pregnant adolescents varied between negative and positive experiences, influencing the prenatal follow-up, which is why it is necessary to improve nurses to care for pregnant women adolescent.

El embarazo adolescente es un problema de salud pública debido a los riesgos relacionados con su ocurrencia. Por lo tanto, el cuidado de enfermería se vuelve fundamental para el inicio temprano y seguimiento de la atención prenatal, con el objetivo de lograr resultados favorables en el ciclo embarazo-puerperio. El objetivo de este estudio fue analizar, en la literatura, el cuidado de enfermería en el prenatal y la percepción de las adolescentes embarazadas sobre el cuidado recibido. Se trata de una revisión integrativa de la literatura, cuyas búsquedas se realizaron en junio de 2022, en las bases de datos SCOPUS, Web of Science, LILACS, MEDLINE (PubMed) y BDENF. Doce artículos fueron seleccionados para componer la muestra de este estudio. Se observó que las adolescentes señalaron situaciones positivas durante el prenatal, tales como: relación y trato respetuoso, participación en grupos de adolescentes embarazadas, diferentes abordajes de las pautas de educación en salud, promoción del autocuidado, conciencia de la importancia del prenatal y inserción familiar. Sin embargo, también relataron situaciones negativas, como: deficiencias en las orientaciones, falta de competencia de los profesionales en el relacionamiento con los adolescentes, prejuicios, actitudes de desánimo, compromiso de la privacidad y confidencialidad, así como interrupción en la continuidad del cuidado. Los hallazgos de esta revisión demostraron que la atención de enfermería es en su mayoría respetuosa y acogedora, sin embargo, la percepción de las adolescentes embarazadas varió entre experiencias negativas y positivas, influyendo en el seguimiento prenatal, por lo que es necesario perfeccionar a las enfermeras para el cuidado de las gestantes. adolescente.

Urinary incontinence in women: assessment with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC / Incontinencia urinaria en mujeres: evaluación con la ayuda de terminologías de enfermería estandarizadas NANDA-I y NOC / Incontinência urinária em mulheres: avaliação com auxílio das terminologias padronizadas em enfermagem NANDA-I e NOC

ABSTRACT Objectives: to assess urinary impairment in incontinent women with the aid of standardized nursing terminologies NANDA-I and NOC. Methods: a cross-sectional study, carried out with 97 women attending the gynecology outpatient clinic of a university hospital. Data collection took place using a form that contained information about NANDA-I diagnoses related to urinary incontinence and NOC Urinary Continence indicators. Statistical analysis was performed to assess the impairment of NOC indicators in the presence of NANDA-I nursing diagnoses. Results: diagnosis Mixed Urinary Incontinence was the most prevalent (43.3%), and, in its presence, the most compromised indicators were voids in appropriate receptacle, gets to toilet between urge and passage of urine and empties bladder completely. Conclusions: urinary impairment was worse in women with elements of stress and urge urinary incontinence.

RESUMEN Objetivos: evaluar la afectación urinaria en mujeres incontinentes con la ayuda de las terminologías estandarizadas de enfermería NANDA-I y NOC. Métodos: estudio transversal, realizado con 97 mujeres que asisten a la consulta externa de ginecología de un hospital universitario. La recolección de datos se realizó a través de un formulario que contenía información sobre los diagnósticos de la NANDA-I relacionados con la incontinencia urinaria y los indicadores del resultado NOC Continencia Urinaria. Se realizó análisis estadístico para evaluar el deterioro de los indicadores NOC en presencia de diagnósticos de enfermería NANDA-I. Resultados: el diagnóstico Incontinencia Urinaria Mixta fue el más prevalente (43,3%), y, en su presencia, los indicadores más comprometidos fueron orina en recipiente adecuado, llegar al baño entre el deseo y el paso de la orina y vaciar completamente la vejiga. Conclusiones: la afectación urinaria fue peor en mujeres con elementos de estrés e incontinencia urinaria de urgencia.

RESUMO Objetivos: avaliar o comprometimento urinário em mulheres incontinentes com o auxílio das terminologias padronizadas em enfermagem NANDA-I e NOC. Métodos: estudo transversal, realizado com 97 mulheres em atendimento no ambulatório de ginecologia de um hospital universitário. A coleta de dados ocorreu por meio de formulário que continha informações sobre diagnósticos da NANDA-I relacionados à incontinência urinária e indicadores do resultado NOC Continência Urinária. Foi realizada análise estatística para avaliar o comprometimento dos indicadores da NOC na presença dos diagnósticos de enfermagem da NANDA-I. Resultados: o diagnóstico Incontinência Urinária Mista foi o mais prevalente (43,3%), e, na sua presença, os indicadores mais comprometidos foram urina em recipiente apropriado, chega ao banheiro entre o desejo e a passagem de urina e esvazia a bexiga completamente. Conclusões: o comprometimento urinário demonstrou-se pior nas mulheres com elementos de incontinência urinária de esforço e urgência.

Distribuição espacial e tendência da prevalência da hanseníase em uma regional de saúde do Nordeste brasileiro, 2008-2017: um estudo ecológico / Leprosy prevalence spatial distribution and trend in a health region in Northeast Brazil, 2008-2017: an ecological study / Distribución espacial y tendencia en la prevalencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria del Nordeste de Brasil, 2008-2017: un estudio ecológico

Objetivo: analisar a distribuição espacial e a tendência da hanseníase em municípios de uma regional de saúde de um estado no Nordeste brasileiro. Métodos: estudo ecológico e de séries temporais, sobre a notificação compulsória dos municípios integrantes da Unidade Gestora Regional de Saúde de Imperatriz, Maranhão, Brasil, entre 2008 e 2017; foram determinadas as prevalências e a média para o período; realizou-se a análise espacial de área e os mapas foram gerados pelo aplicativo ArcGis 10.5; na análise de tendência, utilizou-se a regressão de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: foram identificados 4.029 casos da doença e as médias de prevalência variaram de 2,0 a 11,5 casos/10 mil habitantes/ano, com tendência descendente; Governador Edson Lobão apresentou a maior prevalência, 11,5 casos/10 mil hab., e Lajeado Novo a menor, 2,0 casos/10 mil hab. Conclusão: a distribuição espacial dos casos de hanseníase foi heterogênea nos municípios estudados e a tendência da prevalência, decrescente.

Objective: to analyse the spatial distribution and trend of leprosy in municipalities of a health region in a Northeast Brazilian state. Methods: this was an ecological time-series study based on compulsory notification of leprosy cases by the municipalities covered by the Imperatriz-MA Regional Health Management Unit, between 2008 and 2017; prevalence and mean prevalence for the period were calculated; spatial analysis of the area was carried out and maps were generated using ArcGis 10.5. Prais-Winsten regression was used for trend analysis. Result: 4,029 cases of the disease were identified, and average prevalence ranged from 2.0 to 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants-year. The overall trend was downward. Governador Edson Lobão had the highest prevalence, 11.5 cases/10,000 inhabitants, and Lajeado Novo had the lowest prevalence, 2.0 cases/10,000 inhabitants. Conclusion: spatial distribution of leprosy cases was heterogeneous in the municipalities studied and prevalence had a falling trend.

Objetivo: analisar la distribución espacial y la tendencia de la lepra en una región sanitaria de un estado del Nordeste brasileño. Métodos: estudio ecológico y de serie temporal, con notificación obligatoria de los municipios de la Unidad de Gestión Regional de Salud de Imperatriz-MA, entre 2008-2017. Se determinaron la prevalencia y la media del período y se realizó un análisis del espacio de área, los mapas se generaron en ArcGis 10.5. Para el análisis de tendencia se utilizaron regresiones de Prais-Winsten. Resultado: se identificaron 4.029 casos y las prevalencias promedio oscilaron entre 2,0 y 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes-año, con tendencia al descenso. Governador Edson Lobão presentó la mayor prevalencia 11,5 casos/10.000 habitantes y Lajeado Novo la menor prevalencia 2,0 casos/10.000 habitantes. Conclusión: la distribución espacial de los casos de lepra fue heterogénea en los municipios y la tendencia de prevalencia decreciente.